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Learn about the throttling policies that affect EWS when you are using Exchange.

1. When Microsoft Edge was introduced in Windows 10, it boasted to be the fastest browser.Chrome and Firefox took a beating in response and download times. But after the April and October updates, it is found that, this browser takes high CPU usage than normal.
2. May 16, 2014 In this scenario, the Exchange Server CAS server may run very slowly and not respond to a Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync request. When this issue occurs, the W3wp.exe process that is running under the MSExchangeSyncAppPool may use 100% of the CPU time. Note On a server that is running Exchange Server 2003, the processing occurs on the back-end.

Provided by: Glen Scales; Michael Mainer, Microsoft Corporation

The article provides information about EWS throttling in Exchange Online, Exchange Online as part of Office 365, and on-premises versions of Exchange starting with Exchange 2010. Throttling in Exchange helps to ensure server reliability and uptime by limiting the amount of server resources that a single user or application can consume. Throttling is a reactive response to overuse of system resources that may affect service reliability and functionality. Exchange constantly monitors the health of critical infrastructure resources, such as mailbox databases. When high load factors are detected that degrade the performance of these resources, EWS connections are throttled proportionally based on the amount that each caller has contributed to this high load condition. The result is that a user may be within their throttling limit and still experience slowdowns until the health of the resource is back to operational levels.

Microsoft Outlook On Mac Cpu At 90 Day

Each client access protocol in Exchange, including EWS, has a throttling policy. When you design applications that use EWS, it is important to account for throttling policies, to help ensure application reliability and the health of your Exchange server. This article identifies the different throttling policies and service limits for EWS, whether you are targeting Exchange Online or versions of Exchange on-premises starting with Exchange Server 2010. As applicable, this article also identifies differences in throttling policies in different versions of Exchange.

Important

Default throttling policy, access to throttling policy, and throttling policy configuration differs between Exchange Online and Exchange on-premises. Specific throttling setting values are only accurate for a specific version of Exchange. Because setting values vary across versions, and because Exchange administrators can change the default throttling policies for on-premises deployments, this article does not provide the default setting values. It is more important for you to be aware of the considerations for designing an application that functions within throttling limits and reacts appropriately to throttling scenarios.

If you are an application developer, you need to factor throttling into your application design. Different versions of Exchange have different default values for the EWS throttling parameters. Client and service applications that are designed to access different versions of Exchange will need to account for these settings, whether they be default values, custom values set by an Exchange administrator, or, as for Exchange Online, set by default and not discoverable. Because throttling parameter values cannot be discovered programmatically, your client design specifications should include a plan for the application to adapt to different potential throttling limits. When you design multi-threaded applications that will access a large number of mailboxes, or when many clients are accessing the same mailbox, consider the limits on concurrency that the default policy applies to Exchange.

Throttling policies that affect EWS

The throttling polices in Exchange affect not only EWS, but also all client connections to the Exchange server, including the protocols used by Office Outlook, Outlook Web App, and Exchange ActiveSync.

The CPUStartPercent throttling policy can affect EWS performance when you are running Exchange 2010. When the average CPU utilization of Exchange processes running on the Client Access server — including, but not limited to, the EWS process — exceeds the value specified by this policy, inbound requests will be delayed to reduce CPU utilization. You cannot change the value of this policy, but knowing about it can help you troubleshoot performance issues. The sampling logic the Client Access server performs for this value is an average over a 10 second rolling window. This allows the process to respond appropriately to quick spikes in CPU utilization. When this threshold is exceeded, inbound connections to EWS are delayed. This delay is capped at 500 milliseconds (msecs) at a theoretical 100% CPU usage per EWS request. If a batch EWS request to get 100 items is passed, the server will check the CPU usage 100 times (once per item) for a maximum delay of 50 seconds. The delay time is linearly proportional to CPU usage. At CPUStartPercent, the delay is 0 (a thread yield) and it increases linearly up to 500 msec at 100% CPU usage. Because throttling policies apply to all Exchange users, it's unlikely that CPU usage would exceed the CPUStartPercent limit on an Exchange Client Access server, because individual users or applications cannot gain enough CPU utilization to affect server operation.

The following table lists the throttling policy parameters that affect applications that use EWS.

Table 1: Throttling policy parameters that affect EWS

Caution

Do not set throttling polices to null. This will set the policy to equal unlimited, which indicates that a throttling policy isn't set.

Displaying the policies that apply to Exchange mailboxes

Exchange on-premises provides Exchange Management Shell cmdlets that you can use to set and get throttling policy. Exchange Online does not provide access to the throttling policy cmdlets.

You can use the following cmdlets to display throttling polices for an on-premises Exchange Server deployment:

• Get-ThrottlingPolicy — Gets the client throttling settings for one or more throttling policies. For more information, see Get-ThrottlingPolicy on TechNet.

• Get-ThrottlingPolicyAssociation — Enables you to view the relationship between an object and its associated throttling policies. The object can be a user with a mailbox, a user without a mailbox, or a contact. For more information, see Get-ThrottlingPolicyAssociation on TechNet.

Use the following command to show the default throttling policy for Exchange 2010.

Get-ThrottlingPolicy | Where-Object {$_.IsDefault -eq 'True'} | format-list

Use the following command to show the global throttling policy (which equates to the default throttling policy in Exchange 2010) in Exchange 2013.

Get-ThrottlingPolicy | Where-Object {$_.ThrottlingPolicyScope -eq 'Global'} | format-list

Use the following command to show the throttling policy associated with a user in Exchange 2010 or Exchange 2013. Replace the user name john@contoso.com with the user name of the target user for whom you want to get throttling policy information.

Get-ThrottlingPolicyAssociation john@contoso.com | format-list

Running this command in Exchange Management Shell results in an output similar to the following.

Note

When the ThrottlingPolicyId property is blank, the default policy is applied to the mailbox.

You can set throttling policy on an Exchange server by using the Set-ThrottlingPolicy and Set-ThrottlingPolicyAssociation cmdlets. You can create and remove non-default throttling policies by using the New-ThrottlingPolicy and Remove-ThrottlingPolicy cmdlets.

Tip

We recommend that you design your applications to adhere to the default throttling policy. Only make changes to default throttling policies if your client application design cannot accommodate the default policy. Be aware that less restrictive throttling policies can negatively affect service reliability.

Throttling considerations for applications that use EWS impersonation

Impersonation is an authorization method that enables a single account to access many accounts. When a service account impersonates users, it acts as the users and therefore assumes the rights that are assigned to those users. Log files record the access as the impersonated user. Administrators use role-based access control (RBAC) to configure impersonation via the Exchange Management Shell.

When impersonation is used, the budgets for all the throttling thresholds apply differently depending on the version of Exchange. The budget is either calculated against the account that is impersonated, or the service account. If your application is multi-threaded and makes concurrent requests against multiple mailboxes, you should consider how the throttling threshold will affect your application's performance. In general, be aware of the following limits on service accounts when you create a service-based application that uses impersonation to access all mailboxes:

• When you use Impersonation, the service account has a separate budget for the following policy parameters:

  • EWSMaxConcurrency

  • EWSPercentTimeInAD

  • EWSPercentTimeInCAS

  • EWSPercentTimeInMailboxRPC

  • EWSMaxSubscriptions

  • EWSFastSearchTimeoutInSeconds

  • EWSFindCountLimit

• The EWSMaxConcurrency budget is shared for the service account and the account being impersonated for all connections to versions of Exchange earlier than Exchange 2010 Service Pack 2 (SP2) Update Rollup 4 (RU4). Starting with Exchange 2010 SP2 RU4, and including Exchange Online, the service account access uses a separate budget from the user EWSMaxConcurrency budget. For more information about the update to the Exchange concurrent connection throttling policy for EWS, see Description of Update Rollup 4 for Exchange Server 2010 Service Pack 2.

  EWS streaming notifications in versions of Exchange starting with Exchange 2010, and including Exchange Online, have an additional cloned EWSMaxConcurrency budget from all other EWS client connections. Streaming notification connections are counted against a separate budget than all other EWS operations. The streaming notification maximum concurrency budget is actually two different budgets: one budget is for all service accounts, and one budget is for the account being impersonated. Streaming notifications in Exchange Online and versions of Exchange starting with Exchange 2013 use the HangingConnectionLimit to limit the number of connections.

  For example, let's assume that EWSMaxConcurrency is equal to five. A user can have five open pull notification connections, while an service account can have five concurrent pull notification connections against the user's mailbox at the same time as the user.

• The following table identifies how EWSMaxSubscriptions throttling budgets are calculated between the service account and the account to impersonate.

  Table 2: EWSMaxSubscriptions budget accounting

  Exchange version	EWSMaxSubscriptions throttling budget accounting
  Exchange Online	Charged against the target mailbox.
  Exchange 2013	Charged against the target mailbox.
  Exchange 2010 SP3	Charged against the target mailbox.
  Exchange 2010 SP2	Charged against the calling account. Starting with Exchange 2010 SP2 RU4, the budget is charged against the target mailbox.
  Exchange 2010 SP1	Charged against the calling account.
  Exchange 2010	Charged against the calling account.

• Because the EWSMaxSubscriptions throttling budget is charged against the account being impersonated, there is no limit on the number of mailboxes a service account can subscribe to and receive streaming notifications for, as long as impersonation is being used. For the account being impersonated, you can't have more than n concurrent requests per target mailbox, where n is the EWSMaxSubscriptions value. If you were not using impersonation, the same service account could not have more than n concurrent requests total. So, the takeaway is that by using impersonation on a service account, you exponentially increase the number of mailboxes you can service. For more information, see Maintain affinity between a group of subscriptions and the Mailbox server in Exchange.

• The EWSPercentTimeInMailboxRPC, EWSPercentTimeInCAS, and EWSPercentTimeInAD policy parameters refer to actions performed by a single thread. When an application performs multiple concurrent operations, you should account for the cumulative effect of these operations on the user resource budget.

Throttling implications for EWS batch requests

EWS enables you to batch multiple item requests into a single request that is executed by the Client Access server. This allows for greater efficiency and performance. When an Exchange server executes a batched request, it checks the user's budget after the execution of each item within the batch. If the application is over budget, the processing of the next item in the batch is delayed until the budget for that user has recharged. To ensure that applications that use batch operations run successfully, limit the number of item requests that can be included in a single batch, and divide large batches across multiple smaller batches to increase the reliability of the results. The effect that a batch operation has on particular throttling thresholds depends on the type of the request, the size of the items to be processed (for example in UploadItems or ExportItems operations) and the mailbox content. Throttling policies affect batch operations by causing the request to take longer to process. The caller will therefore have to wait longer for the response, and, because EWS limits the execution time of a batch request to one minute, the call could time out.

To determine the optimum batch size for an application, perform unit testing using various input sets to ensure that the application does not encounter any errors in a production environment.

Throttling policy parameters that affect EWS search operations

Search operations in EWS can require large amounts of time and resources, depending on how the search is run and what information is requested. To control resource usage during searches, two policy parameters take effect: EWSFastSearchTimeoutInSeconds and EWSFindCountLimit.

The EWSFastSearchTimeoutInSeconds policy parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds, that EWS fast searches (also known as content indexing search) run before they time out. A fast search is a search made by using an Advanced Query Syntax (AQS) query string in a FindItem operation.

You can search an Exchange mailbox folder in two ways:

• By using an Exchange store search, which performs a sequential scan of all messages in the target search scope.

• By using the Exchange Search service (content indexing).

Both of these types of searches can result in timeouts. When possible, use the Exchange Search service because these searches are often targeted against mailbox indexes and use AQS queries. The following example shows how to perform an AQS search of the Inbox by using EWS and the Exchange Search service.

If you can't use an AQS search, avoid using overly complex search filters. Also try to avoid creating search filters based on computed values if the query involves extended MAPI properties. AQS search was introduced in Exchange 2010.

Note

The first time you run a complex Exchange store search query, it runs very slowly and may time out. After that, the query will respond more quickly. For more information about the backend Exchange server processes that occur during Exchange store search queries, see Understanding the Performance Impact of High Item Counts and Restricted Views on TechNet. Using a SearchFilter creates a dynamic restriction that helps similar queries in the future, but because these restrictions are dynamic in nature, they are not permanent or reliable, and are deleted after a maximum of three days.

The EWSFindCountLimit policy parameter specifies the maximum number of items from the results of a FindItem or FindFolder operation that can exist in memory on a Client Access server at the same time for one user. Every item or folder that EWS processes in a FindItem or FindFolder request is counted against the budget specified in the EWSFindCountLimit element. When the response is sent back to the requester, the find count charge for the current call is released. The response the server returns to a requester when the budget is exceeded is based on the RequestServerVersion element value and whether the requester specified paging. When the value of the RequestServerVersion element indicates Exchange 2010 or an earlier version of Exchange, the server sends a failure response with error code ErrorServerBusy. If the value of the RequestServerVersion element indicates a version of Exchange starting with Exchange 2010 SP1 or Exchange Online, and the client is using paging, EWS may return a partial result set instead of an error. Your application should expect that EWS might not return all items. If the value of the IncludesLastItemInRange element is false, the application should make another FindItem or FindFolder request with the new offset and continue until the IncludesLastItemInRange element returns true.

When you use a FindItem or FindFolder operation, it is important to use paging. The EWS Managed API enforces the use of paging, but if you are using other methods, such as EWS proxy objects or raw SOAP, you need to explicitly set paging. The following example shows how to use paging in the EWS Managed API.

Note

The default policy in Exchange limits the page size to 1000 items. Setting the page size to a value that is greater than this number has no practical effect.

Applications should also account for the fact that the EWSFindCountLimit throttling parameter value may result in a partial result set being returned for applications that make concurrent requests. The following example shows how to use the MoreAvailable property in the EWS Managed API to ensure that all results are included in a query.

Throttling policies and concurrency

Concurrency refers to the number of connections from a specific user. A connection is held from the moment a request is received until a response is sent to the requester. If users try to make more concurrent requests than their policy allows, the new connection attempt fails. However, the existing connections remain valid. Throttling policies can affect concurrency in a number of different ways.

The EWSMaxConcurrency throttling policy parameter sets the number of concurrent connections that a specific user can have against an Exchange server at one time. To determine the maximum number of concurrent connections to allow, consider the connections that Outlook clients will use. Outlook 2007 and Outlook 2010 use EWS to access availability and Out of Office (OOF) information. Mac Outlook 2011 uses EWS for all client access functionality. Depending on the number of Outlook clients that are actively connecting to a user's mailbox, the number of concurrent connections available for a user might be limited. Also, if your application has to connect to multiple mailboxes simultaneously while using a single security context, it is important to take the value of the EWSMaxConcurrency policy into account. For more information about using a single security context with concurrent connections, see Throttling considerations for applications that use EWS impersonation earlier in this article.

Applications that concurrently connect to multiple mailboxes have to be able to track resource usage on the client side. Because EWS operations are request/response-based, you can ensure that your applications function well within the EWSMaxConcurrency threshold by tracking the number of connections that occur between the start of a request and when the response is received and ensuring that no more than ten open requests occur concurrently.

The EWSFindCountLimit policy parameter specifies the maximum result size a FindItem or FindFolder operation can use on a Client Access server at the same time for one user. If an application (or potentially multiple applications) makes two concurrent EWS FindItem requests that return 100 items each for a specific user, the EWSFindCountLimit charge against that specific user's budget will be 200. When the first request returns, the budget drops to 100, and when the second request returns, the budget drops to zero. If the same application were to make two simultaneous requests for 1000 items, the budget value would be 2000 items, which exceeds the EWSFindCountLimit value. If the user's budget for items drops below zero, the next request results in an error until the user's budget recharges to one or more.

Throttling considerations for EWS notification applications

If you are building EWS notification applications that make use of either push, pull, or streaming notifications, you should consider the implications of the EWSMaxSubscriptions and the EWSMaxConcurrency throttling policies, and the HangingConnectionLimit.

The EWSMaxSubscriptions policy parameter specifies the maximum number of active push, pull, and streaming subscriptions that a user can have on a specific Client Access server at the same time. Different versions of Exchange have different default values for this parameter. A user can subscribe to all folders in a mailbox by using the SubscribeToAllFolders property - this uses a single subscription against the EWSMaxSubscriptions budget. Users can subscribe to individual folders, with each folder subscription counting towards the EWSMaxSubscriptions budget, up to the limit set by the value of the EWSMaxSubscriptions parameter (for example, users can subscribe to 20 calendar folders in different mailboxes if EWSMaxSubscriptions is set to 20).

For information about impersonation and the EWSMaxSubscriptions parameter, see Throttling considerations for applications that use EWS impersonation earlier in this article.

The EWSMaxConcurrency policy parameter can also be an issue for EWS notifications; for example:

• When EWS increments the connection count for the owner of the subscription while the notification is being generated by a push subscription.

• When an application is designed to listen to multiple users' mailboxes, and users receive simultaneous notifications for an instance of a message that is sent to a distribution list.

If the notification application is multi-threaded and makes simultaneous connection requests to get more information about a particular message that was received by a user account, the EWSMaxConcurrency policy limit can be exceeded. To account for this, consider monitoring the concurrent connections in your application, including those that might be used by the server, and implementing request queuing on the client.

The HangingConnectionLimit is only applicable to streaming notifications. This limit is set in the web.config file, which means that an Exchange administrator can set this value on an on-premises Exchange server, but Exchange Online mailboxes must use the default value for this limit, which is 3 for both Exchange Online and Exchange 2013. To learn more, see What throttling values do I need to take into consideration?.

Throttling policy and application performance

The following three parameters of the PercentTimeIn throttling policy affect the amount of time an EWS application can consume on a Client Access server:

• EWSPercentTimeInAD

• EWSPercentTimeInCAS

• EWSPercentTimeInMailboxRPC

The values specified in the PercentTimeIn policy parameters indicate the amount of time that one thread making one request is allocated. For example, assuming a EWSPercentTimeInCAS value of 90, if a process makes two concurrent requests that spend 54 seconds each running code on the Client Access server, the process uses 108 seconds in a 60 second window. This represents an EWSPercentTimeInCAS parameter value of 180 percent.

Note

The EWSPercentTimeInCAS parameter value is an overlapping superset of the EWSPercentTimeInAD and EWSPercentTimeInMailboxRPC parameter values. This means that the expenditure in Client Access server processing time will always be larger than the expenditures in EWSPercentTimeInAD and EWSPercentTimeInMailboxRPC. This is because for the Exchange component to make an Active Directory or RPC call, it must already be running Client Access server code. In addition, the expenditure in processing time for EWSPercentTimeInCAS doesn't stop while LDAP or RPC calls are being made. Although the request might be synchronously waiting for a response from Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) or the Exchange store, the process is still consuming a thread on the server, and therefore the thread should continue to be charged for that usage.

The amount of CPU time an application may take in a 60-second period might exceed these throttling limits; therefore, it is important to consider the volume and type of requests that are being made. For example, a large batch of ResolveNames operations that are made simultaneously can exceed the EWSPercentTimeInAD policy parameter value. The policy values that are contained in the default throttling policy are designed to allow most EWS applications to function without issue; however, when multi-threaded high-volume applications place a large volume of requests on one particular Client Access server, this can create problems. To avoid this, consider limiting the size of batches that are going to execute against the server.

Throttling policies and applications that send a large volume of email

The default throttling policies include three rate limit policy parameters that can affect applications that use EWS to send a large volume of messages or send messages in large batches in a short period of time.

Note

In general, we recommend that you do not use EWS to send bulk email. Use an SMTP host that specializes in bulk mail services to submit frequent large bulk email messages.

The MessageRateLimit policy parameter specifies the number of messages per minute that can be submitted by any Exchange client, including EWS. By default, this policy is set to 30 messages per minute. For ordinary users, this is generally sufficient. However, applications that send large batches of email messages, for example as part of an invoicing program, can run into problems. When this policy limit is exceeded, message delivery for the mailbox is delayed. Specifically, messages will appear in the Outbox or Drafts folder for longer periods of time when a user or application submits a larger number of messages than the value specified by the MessageRateLimit parameter. Be sure to consider this when you are developing a delivery tracking system, especially if your application uses a mailbox that users connect to via Outlook. When deferred items are stored in the Outbox or drafts folder, users might interpret that as an error.

The RecipientRateLimit policy parameter specifies the limit on the number of recipients that a user can address in a 24-hour period. For example, if this value is set to 500, it means that a single Exchange mailbox account can send messages to no more than 500 recipients each day. This limit applies to messages to recipients that are inside and outside the organization. This default limit might cause problems for some line-of-business applications that do end-of-month invoice runs and need to send messages to more than this number of recipients. You can use external services that enable batch processing of messages or separate on-premises outbound relay solutions to work around this limitation.

The ForwardeeLimit policy parameter specifies the maximum number of recipients that messages can be forwarded or redirected to by means of Inbox rules. This parameter doesn't limit the number of messages that can be forwarded or redirected to the recipients.

Errors generated when throttling limits are exceeded

When throttling polices are exceeded, EWS generates one of the errors listed in the following table.

Table 3: Throttling limit errors

The following table lists the HTTP status codes that are returned by throttling errors.

Table 4: HTTP status codes returned by throttling errors

See also

This article describes some of the commonly used features of Activity Monitor, a kind of task manager that allows you see how apps and other processes are affecting your CPU, memory, energy, disk, and network usage.

Open Activity Monitor from the Utilities folder of your Applications folder, or use Spotlight to find it.

Overview

The processes shown in Activity Monitor can be user apps, system apps used by macOS, or invisible background processes. Use the five category tabs at the top of the Activity Monitor window to see how processes are affecting your Mac in each category.

Add or remove columns in each of these panes by choosing View > Columns from the menu bar. The View menu also allows you to choose which processes are shown in each pane:

• All Processes
• All Processes Hierarchically: Processes that belong to other processes, so you can see the parent/child relationship between them.
• My Processes: Processes owned by your macOS user account.
• System Processes: Processes owned by macOS.
• Other User Processes: Processes that aren’t owned by the root user or current user.
• Active Processes: Running processes that aren’t sleeping.
• Inactive Processes: Running processes that are sleeping.
• Windowed Processes: Processes that can create a window. These are usually apps.
• Selected Processes: Processes that you selected in the Activity Monitor window.
• Applications in the last 8 hours: Apps that were running processes in the last 8 hours.

CPU

The CPU pane shows how processes are affecting CPU (processor) activity:

Click the top of the “% CPU” column to sort by the percentage of CPU capability used by each process. This information and the information in the Energy pane can help identify processes that are affecting Mac performance, battery runtime, temperature, and fan activity.

More information is available at the bottom of the CPU pane:

• System: The percentage of CPU capability currently used by system processes, which are processes that belong to macOS.
• User: The percentage of CPU capability currently used by apps that you opened, or by the processes those apps opened.
• Idle: The percentage of CPU capability not being used.
• CPU Load: The percentage of CPU capability currently used by all System and User processes. The graph moves from right to left and updates at the intervals set in View > Update Frequency. The color blue shows the percentage of total CPU capability currently used by user processes. The color red shows the percentage of total CPU capability currently used by system processes.
• Threads: The total number of threads used by all processes combined.
• Processes: The total number of processes currently running.

You can also see CPU or GPU usage in a separate window or in the Dock:

• To open a window showing current processor activity, choose Window > CPU Usage. To show a graph of this information in your Dock, choose View > Dock Icon > Show CPU Usage.
• To open a window showing recent processor activity, choose Window > CPU History. To show a graph of this information in your Dock, choose View > Dock Icon > Show CPU History.
• To open a window showing recent graphics processor (GPU) activity, choose Window > GPU History. Energy usage related to such activity is incorporated into the energy-impact measurements in the Energy tab of Activity Monitor.

Memory

The Memory pane shows information about how memory is being used:

More information is available at the bottom of the Memory pane:

• Memory Pressure: The Memory Pressure graph helps illustrate the availability of memory resources. The graph moves from right to left and updates at the intervals set in View > Update Frequency. The current state of memory resources is indicated by the color at the right side of the graph:
  • Green: Memory resources are available.
  • Yellow: Memory resources are still available but are being tasked by memory-management processes, such as compression.
  • Red: Memory resources are depleted, and macOS is using your startup drive for memory. To make more RAM available, you can quit one or more apps or install more RAM. This is the most important indicator that your Mac may need more RAM.
• Physical Memory: The amount of RAM installed in your Mac.
• Memory Used: The total amount of memory currently used by all apps and macOS processes.
  • App Memory: The total amount of memory currently used by apps and their processes.
  • Wired Memory: Memory that can’t be compressed or paged out to your startup drive, so it must stay in RAM. The wired memory used by a process can’t be borrowed by other processes. The amount of wired memory used by an app is determined by the app's programmer.
  • Compressed: The amount of memory in RAM that is compressed to make more RAM memory available to other processes. Look in the Compressed Mem column to see the amount of memory compressed for each process.
• Swap Used: The space used on your startup drive by macOS memory management. It's normal to see some activity here. As long as memory pressure is not in the red state, macOS has memory resources available.
• Cached Files: Memory that was recently used by apps and is now available for use by other apps. For example, if you've been using Mail and then quit Mail, the RAM that Mail was using becomes part of the memory used by cached files, which then becomes available to other apps. If you open Mail again before its cached-files memory is used (overwritten) by another app, Mail opens more quickly because that memory is quickly converted back to app memory without having to load its contents from your startup drive.

For more information about memory management, refer to the Apple Developer website.

Energy

The Energy pane shows overall energy use and the energy used by each app:

• Energy Impact: A relative measure of the current energy consumption of the app. Lower numbers are better. A triangle to the left of an app's name means that the app consists of multiple processes. Click the triangle to see details about each process.
• Avg Energy Impact: The average energy impact for the past 8 hours or since the Mac started up, whichever is shorter. Average energy impact is also shown for apps that were running during that time, but have since been quit. The names of those apps are dimmed.
• App Nap: Apps that support App Nap consume very little energy when they are open but not being used. For example, an app might nap when it's hidden behind other windows, or when it's open in a space that you aren't currently viewing.
• Preventing Sleep: Indicates whether the app is preventing your Mac from going to sleep.

More information is available at the bottom of the Energy pane:

• Energy Impact: A relative measure of the total energy used by all apps. The graph moves from right to left and updates at the intervals set in View > Update Frequency.
• Graphics Card: The type of graphics card currently used. Higher–performance cards use more energy. Macs that support automatic graphics switching save power by using integrated graphics. They switch to a higher-performance graphics chip only when an app needs it. 'Integrated' means the Mac is currently using integrated graphics. 'High Perf.' means the Mac is currently using high-performance graphics. To identify apps that are using high-performance graphics, look for apps that show 'Yes' in the Requires High Perf GPU column.
• Remaining Charge: The percentage of charge remaining on the battery of a portable Mac.
• Time Until Full: The amount of time your portable Mac must be plugged into an AC power outlet to become fully charged.
• Time on AC: The time elapsed since your portable Mac was plugged into an AC power outlet.
• Time Remaining: The estimated amount of battery time remaining on your portable Mac.
• Time on Battery: The time elapsed since your portable Mac was unplugged from AC power.
• Battery (Last 12 hours): The battery charge level of your portable Mac over the last 12 hours. The color green shows times when the Mac was getting power from a power adapter.

As energy use increases, the length of time that a Mac can operate on battery power decreases. If the battery life of your portable Mac is shorter than usual, you can use the Avg Energy Impact column to find apps that have been using the most energy recently. Quit those apps if you don't need them, or contact the developer of the app if you notice that the app's energy use remains high even when the app doesn't appear to be doing anything.

Disk

The Disk pane shows the amount of data that each process has read from your disk and written to your disk. It also shows 'reads in' and 'writes out' (IO), which is the number of times that your Mac accesses the disk to read and write data.

The information at the bottom of the Disk pane shows total disk activity across all processes. The graph moves from right to left and updates at the intervals set in View > Update Frequency. The graph also includes a pop-up menu to switch between showing IO or data as a unit of measurement. The color blue shows either the number of reads per second or the amount of data read per second. The color red shows either the number of writes out per second or the amount of data written per second.

To show a graph of disk activity in your Dock, choose View > Dock Icon > Show Disk Activity.

Network

The Network pane shows how much data your Mac is sending or receiving over your network. Use this information to identify which processes are sending or receiving the most data.

The information at the bottom of the Network pane shows total network activity across all apps. The graph moves from right to left and updates at the intervals set in View > Update Frequency. The graph also includes a pop-up menu to switch between showing packets or data as a unit of measurement. The color blue shows either the number of packets received per second or the amount of data received per second. The color red shows either the number of packets sent per second or the amount of data sent per second.

To show a graph of network usage in your Dock, choose View > Dock Icon > Show Network Usage.

Cache

In macOS High Sierra 10.13.4 or later, Activity Monitor shows the Cache pane when Content Caching is enabled in the Sharing pane of System Preferences. The Cache pane shows how much cached content that local networked devices have uploaded, downloaded, or dropped over time.

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Use the Maximum Cache Pressure information to learn whether to adjust Content Caching settings to provide more disk space to the cache. Lower cache pressure is better. Learn more about cache activity.

The graph at the bottom shows total caching activity over time. Choose from the pop-up menu above the graph to change the interval: last hour, 24 hours, 7 days, or 30 days.

Learn more

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• Learn about kernel task and why Activity Monitor might show that it's using a large percentage of your CPU.
• For more information about Activity Monitor, open Activity Monitor and choose Help > Activity Monitor. You can also see a short description of many items in the Activity Monitor window by hovering the mouse pointer over the item.